What is Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)?

Credit: Understood (Dr Thomas E. Brown)

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that interferes with a child’s functioning or development. It is characterised by (a) inattention, (b) hyperactivity and impulsivity, or both.

Symptoms are persistent, usually beginning before a child enters school, and interferes with a child’s executive functioning. Executive functioning is the set of processes in our brains that allow us to do things like pay attention, plan, prioritise, and regulate emotions or behaviours effectively – all of which are things that children with ADHD struggle with.

What does ADHD in Children Look Like?

Core dimensions of ADHD

(1) Inattention: Children with ADHD are unable to sustain attention, especially for tasks that are repetitive, structured & less enjoyable. It also involves difficulty in following instructions, resisting distractions, planning and organisation.

Examples: Daydreamy, space-y, process information slowly, difficulty focusing on tasks, have trouble remembering things & may appear socially withdrawn.

(2) Hyperactivity/Impulsivity: Children with ADHD have a lack of control of motor behavior, poor sustained inhibition of behavior and the inability to delay a response or gratification.

Examples of hyperactive behaviours: Often fidgeting, squirming, running, finds it difficult to stay in their seats, excessively energetic & talkative

Examples of impulsive behaviours: Impatient, blurting out inappropriate comments, unable to engage in turn-taking & often interrupt others’ conversations/activities

Here are some tips from our partner paediatricians on the medical and physiological causes of ADHD.